Turkey: General Outline

The lands of Turkey are located at a point where the three continents
making up the old world. Asia, Africa and Europe are closest to each
other, and straddle the point where Europe and Asia meet.
Geographically, the country is located in the northern half of the
hemisphere at a point that is about halfway between the equator and the
north pole, at a longitude of 36 degrees N to 42 degrees N and a
latitude of 26 degrees E to 45 degrees E. Turkey is roughly rectangular
in shape and is 1,660 kilometers wide.

Because of its geographical location the mainland of Anatolia has
always found favour throughout history, and is the birthplace of many
great civilizations. It has also been prominent as a centre of commerce
because of its land connections to three continents and the sea
surrounding it on three sides.

Area

The actual area of Turkey inclusive of its lakes, is 814,578 square
kilometres, of which 790,200 are in Asia and 24,378 are located in
Europe.

Boundaries

The land borders of Turkey are 2,573 kilometres in total, and
coastlines (including islands) are another 8,333 kilometres, Turkey has
two European and six Asian countries for neighbours along its land
borders.

The land border to the northeast with the commonwealth of Independent
States is 610 kilometres long; that with Iran, 454 kilometres long, and
that with Iraq 331 kilometres long. In the south is the 877
kilometre-long border with Syria, which took its present form in 1939,
when the Republic of Hatay joined Turkey. Turkey's borders on the
European continent consist of a 212-kilometre frontier with Greece and
a 269-kilometre border with Bulgaria.

Geographical Regions

Turkey is generally divided into seven regions: the Black Sea region,
the Marmara region, the Aegean, the Mediterranean, Central Anatolia,
the East and Southeast Anatolia regions. The uneven north Anatolian
terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a narrow but long belt.
The land of this region is approximately 1/6 of Turkey's total land
area.

The Marmara region covers the area encircling the Sea of Marmara,
includes the entire European part of Turkey, as well as the northwest
of the Anatolian plain. Whilst the region is the smallest of the
regions of Turkey after the Southeast Anatolia region, it has the
highest population density of all the regions.

The
most important peak in the region is Uludag (2,543 metres), at the same
time it is a major winter sports and tourist centre. In the Anatolian
part of the region there are fertile plains running from east to west.

The Aegean region extends from the Aegean coast to the inner parts of
western Anatolia. There are significant differences between the coastal
areas and those inland, in terms of both geographical features and
economic and social aspects.

In general, the mountains in the region fall perpendicularly into the
sea. and the plains run from east to west. The plains through which
Gediz, Kücük Menderes and Bakircay rivers flow carry the same names as
these rivers.

In the Mediterranean region, located in the south of Turkey, the
western and central Taurus Mountains suddenly rise up behind the
coastline. The Amanos mountain range is also in the area.

The Central Anatolian region is exactly in the middle of Turkey and
gives the appearance of being less mountainous compared with the other
regions. The main peaks of the region are Karadag, Karacadag, Hasandag
and Erciyes (3.917 metres).

The Eastern Anatolia region is Turkey's largest and highest region.
About three fourths of it is at an altitude of 1,500-2,000 metres.
Eastern Anatolia is composed of individual mountains as well as of
whole mountain ranges, with vast plateaus and plains. The mountains:
There are numerous inactive volcanoes in the region, including Nemrut,
Suphan, Tendurek and Turkey's highest peak, Mount Agri (Ararat), which
is 5,165 metres high.

At the same time, several plains extended along the course of the River
Murat, a tributary of the Firat (Euphrates). These are the plains of
Malazgirt, Mus, Capakcur, Uluova and Malatya.

The Southeast Anatolia region is notable for the uniformity of its
landscape, although the eastern part of the region is comparatively
more uneven than its western areas.

Coastlines

Turkey is surrounded by sea on three sides, by the Black Sea in the
north, the Mediterranean in the south and the Aegean Sea in the west.
In the northwest there is also an important internal sea, the Sea of
Marmara, between the straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus,
important waterways that connect the Black Sea with the rest of the
world.

Because the mountains in the Black Sea region run parallel to the
coastline, the coasts are fairly smooth, without too many indentations
or projections. The length of the Black Sea coastline in Turkey is
1,595 kilometres, and the salinity of the sea is 17%. The Mediterranean
coastline runs for 1,577 kilometres and here too the mountain ranges
are parallel to the coastline.

The salinity level of the Mediterranean is about double that of the Black Sea.

Although the Aegean coastline is a continuation of the Mediterranean
coast, it is quite irregular because the mountains in the area fall
perpendicularly into the Aegean Sea. As a result, the length of the
Aegean Sea coast is over 2,800 kilometres. The coastline faces out to
many islands.

The Marmara Sea is located totally within national boundaries and
occupies an area of 11,350 square kilometres. The coastline of the
Marmara Sea is over 1,000 kilometres long; it is connected to the Black
Sea by the Bosphorus and with the Mediterranean by the Dardanelles.

Rivers

Most of the rivers of Turkey flow into the seas surrounding the
country. The Firat (Euphrates) and Dicle (Tigris) join together in Iraq
and flow into the Persian Gulf. Turkey's longest rivers, the
Kizilirmak, Yesilirmak and Sakarya, flow into the Black Sea. The
Susurluk, Biga and Gonen pour into the Sea of Marmara, the Gediz, Kucuk
Menderes, Buyuk Menderes and Meric into the Aegean, and the Seyhan,
Ceyhan and Goksu into the Mediterranean .

Lakes

In
terms of numbers of lakes, the Eastern Anatolian region is the richest.
It contains Turkey's largest, Lake Van (3.713 square kilometres), and
the lakes of Ercek, Cildir and Hazar. There are also many lakes in the
Taurus mountains area: the Beysehir and Egirdir lakes, and the lakes
that contain bitter waters like the Burdur and Acigoller lakes, for
example. Around the Sea of Marmara are located the lakes of Sapanca,
Iznik, Ulubat, Manyas, Terkos, Kucukcekmece and Buyukcekmece. In
Central Anatoia is the second largest lake in Turkey: Tuzgolu: The
waters of this lake are shallow and very salty. The lakes of Aksehir
and Eber are also located in this region.

As a result of the construction of dams during the past thirty years,
several large dam lakes have come into existence. Together with the
Ataturk Dam lake which started to collect water in January 1990, the
following are good examples: Keban, Karakaya, Altinkaya, Adiguzel,
Kilickaya, Karacaoren, Menzelet, Kapulukaya, Hirfanli, Sariyar and
Demirkopru.

The Climate

Although Turkey is situated in a geographical location where climatic
conditions are quite temperate, the diverse nature of the landscape ,
and the existence in particular of the mountains that run parallel to
the coasts, results in significant differences in climatic conditions
from one region to the other. While the coastal areas enjoy milder
climates, the inland Anatolian plateau experiences extremes of hot
summers and cold winters with limited rainfall.